Following the conquest of Khwarizm by Mahmud Ghaznawi (AD 998–1030), he worked in Hamadhan at the court of the Buyid Sultan Shams al-Dawla (AD 997-1010), and the court of Kakuid Sultan 'Ala' al-Dawla (AD 1008–1041) in Isfahan. After the conquest of Mawerannahr by the nomad tribe the Qarakhanids, he worked in Gurgan at the court of the Ziyarid Sultan Qabus ibn Wushmagir (AD 978–1012), and in Gurganj at the court of the Khwarizmshah al-Ma'mun (AD 1009–1017). 'Ibn Sina, Abu 'Ali al-Husain ibn 'Abdallah, the great physician and philosopher, known in Europe as Avicenna, was born in Afshana near Bukhara and worked at the court of the Samanid Amir Nuh ibn Mansur (AD 976–996) in Bukhara.Arabic manuscript on paper, 592 leaves, incomplete at end, 29 lines to the page written in neat nasta'liq script in black ink, titles and significant words and sentences picked out in red throughout, inner margins ruled in yellow and blue, catchwords in wide outer margins, illuminated headpieces in colours and gold, worming throughout, some crude repairs, rather browned, European-style light brown leather, worn
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